Brazilian Peppertree: A Beautiful Invader You Should Avoid
If you’ve ever been charmed by a shrub covered in bright red berries during the holiday season, you might have encountered the Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolius). Also known as Christmas berry or wilelaiki, this attractive plant might seem like a perfect addition to your landscape—but looks can be deceiving.
What is Brazilian Peppertree?
Brazilian peppertree is a perennial shrub that can grow into a small tree, typically reaching 15 feet in 20 years but potentially growing up to 30 feet tall at maturity. This multi-stemmed woody plant produces clusters of small white flowers followed by conspicuous bright red berries that persist from summer through winter. The dark green, compound foliage has a coarse texture and remains on the plant year-round.
The Problem: It’s Not From Here
Here’s the catch—Brazilian peppertree is not native to the United States. As its name suggests, this species originates from South America, specifically Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. It has been introduced throughout many U.S. regions and now reproduces spontaneously in the wild without human assistance.
You can currently find established populations in Alabama, California, Florida, Hawaii, Texas, Guam, Puerto Rico, U.S. Minor Outlying Islands, and the Virgin Islands. Unfortunately, this widespread distribution tells a troubling story.
Why You Shouldn’t Plant Brazilian Peppertree
Brazilian peppertree is considered a highly invasive species that poses significant threats to native ecosystems. Here’s why responsible gardeners should avoid it:
- Aggressive spreader: The plant produces abundant red berries that birds love to eat and spread to new locations
- Ecosystem disruptor: It outcompetes native plants and can alter entire plant communities
- Difficult to control: Once established, it has strong resprouting ability and can quickly regenerate after cutting
- Environmental impact: It threatens native wildlife habitat and biodiversity
Growing Conditions (For Identification Purposes)
Understanding where Brazilian peppertree thrives can help you identify and remove it from your property:
- Climate: Requires frost-free conditions (minimum 28°F) and thrives in USDA zones 9b-11
- Moisture: High water usage with low drought tolerance
- Soil: Adaptable to coarse, medium, and fine-textured soils with pH between 6.5-7.5
- Light: Intolerant of shade, prefers full sun
- Wetland status: Can grow in both wetland and upland areas depending on the region
Better Native Alternatives
Instead of planting Brazilian peppertree, consider these native alternatives that provide similar aesthetic appeal without the environmental harm:
- For red berries: Native holly species, elderberry, or native viburnums
- For screening: Native shrubs like wax myrtle, firebush, or beauty berry
- For wildlife value: Native plants that support local pollinators and birds
What to Do If You Have Brazilian Peppertree
If you discover Brazilian peppertree on your property, consider removal and replacement with native alternatives. Contact local extension services or native plant societies for guidance on proper removal techniques and suitable replacements for your specific region.
Remember, creating beautiful landscapes doesn’t require invasive species. By choosing native plants, you’ll support local wildlife, reduce maintenance needs, and help preserve the natural heritage of your area—all while still enjoying a stunning garden.
