North America Native Plant

Milkmaids

Botanical name: Cardamine californica var. cardiophylla

USDA symbol: CACAC15

Life cycle: perennial

Habit: forb

Native status: Native to the lower 48 states  

Synonyms: Cardamine cardiophylla Greene (CACA25)  âš˜  Dentaria californica Nutt. var. cardiophylla (Greene) Detling (DECAC5)   

Milkmaids: A Delicate California Native for Woodland Gardens If you’re dreaming of a woodland garden that captures the essence of California’s natural beauty, milkmaids (Cardamine californica var. cardiophylla) might just be the charming native you’ve been looking for. This delicate perennial brings a touch of wild elegance to shaded gardens ...

Rare plant alert!

Region: Conservation status by state

Status: S5T3?: Status is uncertain but is somewhere between the following rankings: Inexact rank: ⚘ Subspecies or variety is vulnerable: Either very rare and local throughout its range, found only in a restricted range (even if abundant at some locations), or factors are making it vulnerable to extinction. Typically 21 to 100 occurrences or between 3,000 and 10,000 individuals. ⚘ Secure: At very low or no risk of extinction in the jurisdiction due to a very extensive range, abundant populations or occurrences, with little to no concern from declines or threats. ⚘

Milkmaids: A Delicate California Native for Woodland Gardens

If you’re dreaming of a woodland garden that captures the essence of California’s natural beauty, milkmaids (Cardamine californica var. cardiophylla) might just be the charming native you’ve been looking for. This delicate perennial brings a touch of wild elegance to shaded gardens with its pristine white blooms that herald the arrival of spring.

What Makes Milkmaids Special

Milkmaids is a California native variety that belongs to the mustard family, and it’s perfectly adapted to our Golden State’s unique climate and conditions. As a true native, this plant has evolved alongside local wildlife and ecosystems, making it an excellent choice for gardeners who want to support regional biodiversity while creating beautiful landscapes.

This perennial forb is what botanists call a spring ephemeral – it puts on its show early in the year with clusters of small, pure white flowers, then gracefully retreats underground until the next growing season. It’s nature’s way of making the most of cool, moist spring conditions before summer’s heat arrives.

Where Milkmaids Grows Wild

This lovely native is found throughout California, where it thrives in the dappled light of woodland environments. As a true California endemic, milkmaids represents the unique flora that makes our state’s natural areas so special.

Garden Design and Landscape Uses

Milkmaids is perfectly suited for:

  • Woodland gardens and shaded borders
  • Native plant gardens focused on California species
  • Naturalistic landscapes that mimic wild ecosystems
  • Spring ephemeral displays paired with other early bloomers

Its low-growing, herbaceous nature makes it an excellent groundcover option for areas under trees or in other partially shaded spots where many plants struggle to thrive.

Important Conservation Considerations

Before you rush out to add milkmaids to your garden, there’s something important to know: this variety has a conservation status that suggests it may be uncommon in the wild. If you’re interested in growing milkmaids, it’s crucial to source plants or seeds only from reputable native plant nurseries that grow their stock rather than collecting from wild populations.

This approach helps protect wild stands while still allowing gardeners to enjoy this beautiful native in cultivated settings.

Growing Milkmaids Successfully

While specific cultural information for this variety is limited, woodland natives like milkmaids typically prefer:

  • Partial to full shade conditions
  • Moist, well-draining soil rich in organic matter
  • Protection from hot afternoon sun
  • Minimal summer watering once established (following natural rainfall patterns)

As a spring ephemeral, don’t be alarmed when your milkmaids seemingly disappear after blooming – this is completely normal behavior. Mark the location so you don’t accidentally disturb the dormant plants during summer garden activities.

The Bottom Line

Milkmaids offers California gardeners a chance to grow a truly local native that brings authentic wildland beauty to shaded garden spaces. While it may not provide the bold, long-lasting color of non-native perennials, it offers something perhaps more valuable: a connection to California’s natural heritage and a small but meaningful contribution to preserving our native plant diversity.

If you can find responsibly sourced plants and have the right woodland conditions, milkmaids can be a delightful addition to a native garden. Just remember to respect its conservation status and source plants ethically – your patience in finding the right source helps protect this lovely California native for future generations to enjoy.

Milkmaids

Classification

Group

Dicot

Kingdom

Plantae - Plants

Subkingdom

Tracheobionta - Vascular plants

Superdivision

Spermatophyta - Seed plants

Division

Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants

Subdivision
Class

Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons

Subclass

Dilleniidae

Order

Capparales

Family

Brassicaceae Burnett - Mustard family

Genus

Cardamine L. - bittercress

Species

Cardamine californica (Nutt.) Greene - milkmaids

Plant data source: USDA, NRCS 2025. The PLANTS Database. https://plants.usda.gov,. 2/25/2025. National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC USA